1. All of the following statements are true with regard to antibiotic resistance, except for:
A. Antibiotic resistance is mainly a problem seen in developing countries. B. New forms of antibiotic resistance can cross international boundaries and spread between continents with ease. C. Many forms of resistance spread with remarkable speed. D. World health leaders have described antibiotic-resistance microorganisms as "nightmare bacteria" that "pose a catastrophic threat" to people in every country in the world.2. If the ability to fight infection with antibiotics is lost, the ability to safely offer people life-saving and life improving modern medical treatment will also be lost for all of the following, except:
A. Joint replacements B. Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis C. Organ transplants D. Cancer treatment3. All of the following are possible adverse drug events of antibiotics, except for:
A. Allergic reactions B. Interference with the action of other drugs C. Liver failure D. Development of potentially deadly diarrhea caused by C. difficile4. Which of the following is not one of the four core actions to prevent antibiotic resistance?
A. Prevent infections B. Track infections C. Increase antibiotic prescribing D. Develop new drugs and diagnostic tests5. Scientific evidence shows that reducing antibiotic use in a single facility can reduce resistance in that facility.
A. True B. False6. When the principles of responsible antibiotic use, known as antibiotic stewardship, are followed, antibiotic resistance can not only be slowed, but can be stopped.
A. True B. False7. All of the following statements regarding Clostridium difficile are true, except for:
A. C. difficile causes life-threatening diarrhea. B. C. difficile is currently resistant to the antibiotics used to treat it as well as naturally resistant to many drugs used to treat other infections. C. C. difficile infections mostly occur in people who have had both recent medical care and antibiotics. D. C. difficile infections often occur in hospitalized or recently hospitalized patients.8. Other healthcare facilities should be notified about infectious diseases when patients transfer, especially between hospitals and nursing homes.
A. True B. False9. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae bacteria have become resistant to all or nearly all antibiotics available today with almost half of hospital patients who get bloodstream infections from CRE bacteria dying from the infection.
A. True B. False10. N. gonorrhoeae is showing resistance to which of the following antibiotics?
A. Cefixime B. Azithromycin C. Tetracycline D. All of the above11. All of the following statements regarding N. gonorrhoeae are true, except for:
A. Gonorrhea is the most commonly reported notifiable infection in the United States and is easily transmitted. B. Gonorrhea causes severe reproductive complications. C. Gonorrhea disproportionately affects sexual, racial, and ethnic minorities. D. CDC recommends only ceftriaxone plus either azithromycin or doxycycline as first-line treatments for gonorrhea.12. Gonorrhea is transmitted more readily when someone is co-infected with HIV.
A. True B. False13. Which of the following is the foundation of gonorrhea control in the United States?
A. Screening B. Rapid detection C. Prompt treatment D. All of the above14. Acinetobactor causes which condition among critically ill patients?
A. Yeast infections B. Pneumonia C. Diarrhea D. Ulcers15. At least 63% of Acinetobacter is considered multidrug-resistant, meaning at least _____ different classes of antibiotics no longer cure Acinetobacter infections.
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 516. Campylobacter usually causes all of the following, except:
A. Bloody diarrhea B. Fever C. Difficulty breathing D. Temporary paralysis17. Campylobacter spreads from animals to people through contaminated food, particularly raw or undercooked pork and unpasteurized milk.
A. True B. False18. Key measures to prevent resistant Campylobacter infections include which of the following?
A. Avoiding inappropriate antibiotic use in food animals. B. Tracking antibiotic use in different types of food animals. C. Educating consumers and food workers about safe food handling practices. D. All of the above.19. Candida yeasts normally live on the skin and mucous membranes without causing infection.
A. True B. False20. Therapy to prevent infections (antifungal prophylaxis) may be appropriate for some groups at high risk of developing Candida bloodstream infections, such as:
A. Low-birth-weight infants B. Those on tube feedings C. Dialysis patients D. All of the above21. Extended-spectrum beta-galactosidase in an enzyme that allows bacteria to become resistant to a wide variety of penicillins and cephalosporins.
A. True B. False22. The carbapenem family of antibiotics are drugs of last resort as use of them is contributing to resistance.
A. True B. False23. About 30% of Enterococcus healthcare-associated infections are vancomycin resistant, an antibiotic of last resort, leaving few or no treatment options.
A. True B. False24. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common cause of healthcare-associated infections, including which of the following?
A. Pneumonia B. Urinary tract infections C. Surgical site infections D. All of the above25. Antibiotic use in food animals can result in resistant Salmonella in the animals, but people cannot get sick from eating these foods.
A. True B. False26. Key measures to prevent resistant Salmonella infections include all of the following, except:
A. Avoiding inappropriate antibiotic use in food animals. B. Tracking antibiotic use in different types of food animals. C. Keeping refrigerator temperatures below 48 degrees Fahrenheit. D. Educating consumers and food workers about safe food handling practices.27. Symptoms of typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella serotype Typhi, are all of the following, except for:
A. High fever B. Abdominal pain C. Diarrhea D. Headache28. Most illnesses caused by Salmonella Typhi occur in people who travel to some part of the developing world where the disease is common and travel-associated infections are more likely to be antibiotic resistant.
A. True B. False29. Salmonella serotype Typhi spreads from one person to another through food or water contaminated with which of the following?
A. Discharge from petroleum refineries B. Feces C. Runoff from orchards D. Leaching from landfills30. When traveling to a country where typhoid fever is common, people should:
A. Get vaccinated against typhoid fever before departing. B. Choose foods and drinks carefully while traveling even if vaccinated. C. Seek medical care at once if sick with high fever and a headache during or after travel. D. All of the above.31. High-risk groups for Shigella are all of the following, except:
A. The elderly B. Young children C. People with inadequate handwashing and hygiene habits D. Men who have sex with men32. A key measure to prevent Shigella resistant infections is which of the following?
A. Promoting thorough and frequent hand washing with soap. B. Using antibiotics to treat more severe Shigella infections and managing milder infections with fluids and rest. C. Educating consumers and food workers about safe food handling practices. D. All of the above.33. A common and severe threat to patients, rates of invasive MRSA infections in healthcare settings are increasing.
A. True B. False34. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia and meningitis in the United States and is also a major cause of bloodstream infections and ear and sinus infections.
A. True B. False35. Invasive pneumococcal disease means that bacteria invade parts of the body that are normally sterile, and when this happens, disease is usually severe, causing hospitalization or even death.
A. True B. False36. The major factor driving TB drug resistance is which of the following?
A. Incomplete or wrong treatment B. Short drug supply C. Lack of new drugs D. All of the above37. Drug-resistant TB prevention measures include implementing effective infection control procedures that help limit exposure to known drug-resistant TB patients in all of the following settings, except for:
A. College dorms B. Hospitals C. Prisons D. Homeless shelters38. When Staphylococcus aureus becomes resistant to vancomycin, there are few treatment options available because vancomycin-resistant S. aureus bacteria identified to date are also resistant to methicillin and other classes of antibiotics.
A. True B. False39. Group A Streptococcus has developed resistance to a category of drugs called macrolides, which includes all of the following antibiotics, except for:
A. Erythromycin B. Tetracycline C. Azithromycin D. Clarithromycin40. All pregnant women should be tested for Group B Streptococcus at _____ weeks of pregnancy and adhere to the recommended antibiotics during labor and delivery for prevention of early-onset disease in the infant.
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